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A transitive verb is a verb that takes one or more objects. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects. Transitive verbs may be further divided by the number of objects they occur with. Although transitivity is traditionally thought of as an inherent quality of verbs, some theories in linguistics treat it as an element of grammatical constructions. While all verbs that take at least one object are considered transitive, verbs can be further classified by the number of objects they take. Verbs that require only two arguments, a subject and a single direct object, are sometimes called monotransitive. Verbs that are able to take two objects, a direct object and an indirect object, are called "ditransitive", or less commonly "bitransitive". An example of a ditransitive verb in English is the verb ''to give'', which may feature a subject, an indirect object, and a direct object: ''John gave Mary the book''. There are also a few verbs that take three objects. These are sometimes called "tritransitive". In English a tritransitive verb features an indirect object, a direct object, and a prepositional phrase – as in ''I'll trade you this bicycle for your binoculars'' – or else a clause that behaves like an argument – as in ''I bet you a pound that he has forgotten''. Not all descriptive grammars recognize tritransitive verbs. A clause with a prepositional phrase that expresses a meaning similar to that usually expressed by an object may be called "pseudo-transitive". For example, the Indonesian sentences ''Dia masuk sekolah'' ("He attended school") and ''Dia masuk ke sekolah'' ("He went into the school") have the same the verb (''masuk'' "enter"), but the first sentence has a direct object while the second has a prepositional phrase in its place. A clause with a direct object plus a prepositional phrase may be called "pseudo-ditransitive", as in the Lakhota sentence ''Haŋpíkčeka kiŋ lená wé-čage'' ("I made those moccasins for him"). Such constructions are sometimes called "complex transitive". The category of complex transitives includes not only prepositional phrases but also dependent clauses, appostives, and other structures. There is some controversy regarding "complex transitives" and "tritransitives"; linguists do not agree on the nature of the structures. In contrast to transitive verbs, some verbs take zero objects. Verbs that do not require an object are called intransitive verbs. An example in English is the verb ''to die''. Verbs that can be used in an intransitive or transitive way are called ambitransitive verbs. In English, an example is the verb ''to eat''; the sentences ''You eat'' (with an intransitive form) and ''You eat apples'' (a transitive form that has ''apples'' as the object) are both grammatically correct. The concept of valency is related to transitivity. The valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb takes, including both the subject and all of the objects. In contrast to valency, the transitivity of a verb only considers the objects. Subcategorization is roughly synonymous with valency, though they come from different theoretical traditions. ==Lexical versus grammatical information== Traditionally, transitivity patterns are thought of as lexical information of the verb, but recent research in construction grammar and related theories has argued that transitivity is a grammatical rather than a lexical property, since the same verb very often appears with different transitivity in different contexts. Consider: *Does your dog ''bite''? (no object) *The cat ''bit'' him. (one object) *Can you ''bite'' me off a piece of banana? (two objects) *The vase ''broke''. (no object; anticausative construction) *She ''broke'' the toothpick. (one object) *Can you ''break'' me some toothpicks for my model castle? (two objects) *Stop me before I ''buy'' again. (no object; antipassive construction) *The man ''bought'' a ring. (one object) *The man ''bought'' his wife a ring. (two objects) In grammatical construction theories, transitivity is considered as an element of grammatical construction, rather than an inherent part of verbs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「transitive verb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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